Sino-US and Sino-US railway cooperation
---------- U.S. East Coast high-speed rail project
(Draft)
I. Overview of American Railways
1 , Railway mileage
1.1  , United States used to have 410,000 kilometers, accounting for 35 percent of the world which 370,000 km is the total length of railways and that was 100 years ago. It took 60 years to complete. That era has created a miracle.
 
       1.2 , U.S now operates 260,000 km
America was once the considered a railway industry , is now demolished and destroyed.
Even so the number of kilometers of railway is still the world's longest country .
 
2 , Railway operational capability
U.S. rail only has the ability to operate  to only 0.7% , less than 1%.
 
3, Rail freight company takeovers
American railways have had a very glorious era in history. After World War II. U.S. railway began to decline . After 1980 the United States to relax controls the railway, after nearly 10 years of large-scale mergers to 2000 the number of U.S. rail freight company level decreased from 38 in 1980 to eight .
 
4 , Railway Passenger Corporation for Reconstruction and Development
       4.1 , Amtrak Loss
Since the American Railway Passenger Corporation (AMTRAK) has been set loss, long-term reliance on the federal government to give the equipment investment and operating subsidies.
 
       4.2 ,Rrailway development project is still at the level of a feasibility study or planned
Although the federal government on research and development of high-speed railway passenger invested considerable financial support. Congress approved 15 years ago on 7 maglev research projects , but these projects still remain at the level of a feasibility study or planning.
 
5 , U.S. government regulation of railways
U.S. government regulation of railway safety regulation and focused on economic regulation . Railway safety regulation adopted industry department under the direct supervision methods, mainly by the Department of Transportation 's Federal Railway belonging Agency (FRA); economic regulation primarily by the U.S. Surface Transportation Board (STB).
 
6 , Transformation of the existing line of American Railways
At this moment United States railway equipment replacement needs are facing a huge market space. American Railway has been put on the sideline by airlines and vehicles industry over the years.
United States has at least 200,000 kilometers of railway perennial into a loss situation , the U.S. government is unable to invest in railway reconstruction, leading U.S. companies in the railway , high-speed rail technology research and development lagged behind .
 
7 , United States New high-speed rail
       7.1 , The construction of high-speed railway is one of the key to U.S. economic recovery
U.S. President Barack Obama has repeatedly expressed the development of high-speed rail vision. Obama's economic recovery plan launched by the Government in infrastructure is an important content , including high -speed rail construction particularly noteworthy which Obama called the employment engine . The next 25 years 80% of Americans can take advantage of high-speed rail travel. He said that the construction of high-speed railway is one of the key to the U.S. economic recovery.
 
       7.2,11.7 million miles of national high-speed rail system is completed in four phases by 2030
The Obama administration wants to build 11 high-speed rail corridor. 117,000 miles of national building high-speed rail system is completed in four phases by 2030 .
 
7.3  Obama administration decided to invest in the construction of high-speed rail
 
       7.3.1 Promote the construction of high-speed rail
President Obama has said it will spend $ 8 billion in the country to promote the construction of high-speed rail .
 
       7.3.2 , The construction of a new high-speed rail corridor
February 8, 2011 , the U.S. Vice President Joe Biden announced that the government will submit a new budget. He asked the Congress to approve a six -year , $ 53 billion of the total national high-speed rail project , the construction of a new high-speed rail corridor.
 
       7.4 , U.S. West Coast high-speed rail
California High Speed ​​Rail connecting Sacramento , San Francisco , Los Angeles and San Diego , is about 1270 km , the design speed of 350 km / h , the budget investment of approximately $ 45 billion , across the board there are 26 stations, 151 bridges or elevated , 35 miles of tunnels, plans to start construction in 2012 , the full range of operating time is estimated to be 2024 .
 
       7.5 , U.S. East Coast high-speed rail
Connection Gobain , Boston, New York, Philadelphia , Washington , Richmond, Fiesole Tver , Savannah Nace , Dixon Louisville , Miami, Nashville Dixon , Pensacola , New Orleans and Houston is about 5200 km , project design speed of 350 km / h, all located 52 stations , the estimated investment of about $ 225 billion .
 
8 , U.S. demand for railway railway of new technologies
In the high-speed rail technology , the U.S. is no leader . In addition to China ,  California High Speed ​​Rail Authority has reached a high-speed rail planning, construction , operation and maintenance of the exchange of information agreements with the Government of Japan, France, Germany, Spain, Italy , Belgium and South Korea.
 
9 , U.S. demand for foreign railway
According to the research  of American Society of Civil Engineers, they think the United States needs $ 2 trillion , which is 14 trillion yuan into infrastructure in the United States , making it back to normal conditions.
 
10 , U.S. railway labor demand
On labor , the United States and other countries have visa requirements, needs foreign investment companies hire local workers. U.S. demand for foreign labor quality is very large, the opportunity on a very large-scale.
 
11 , U.S. infrastructure investment diversification
       11.1 , United States welcomes investment from all countries , including China.
United States reiterated its open investment policy and the law in a fair and equitable way to treat promised investors. The United States promised to treat other countries with investors, including state-owned enterprises, including for Chinese investors to keep an open investment environment.
       11.2 , Diverse forms of investment infrastructure
In the U.S., private sector investment in infrastructure in the form of diverse ways to buy debt , there is a way to provide a service to provide supply. In terms of ownership , there are many privately owned .
 
       II - China Railway Overview
1 , Railway mileage
China Railways has 102,300 kilometers .
In 2008, the Chinese State Council, China's comprehensive transportation system required the construction of "long-term railway network plan " were adjusted to determine by 2020, China's railway mileage of 120,000 kilometers or more, building more than 16,000 km of passenger dedicated line .
 
2 , Railway operational capability
China's railway carrying capacity is more than 50 % of the total carrying amount .
 
3 , Accelerate the transformation of existing railway
1997-2007 of 10 years, China has completed the transformation of the existing line of the national railway , conducted six large lines.
 
4 , Chinese high-speed railway construction
In 2004, China introduced the high-speed railway development plan . Up to now, China 's high-speed railway in operation has reached 6,552 business kilometers . China high-speed railway operating mileage ranks first in the world . High-speed railway under construction has more than 10,000 km .
 
5,  Chinese high-speed rail technology and management
       5.1 China after China high-speed rail is a model for the introduction of technology innovation and upgrading in 2004 , the Chinese Ministry of Railways has made an important decision to the introduction of foreign high-speed trains , to the 2008 Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway, just a few years time , China high Speed ​​Rail from "the introduction , digestion, absorption ," the initial stage towards the "Output " stage. Now China has become the world's most complete high-speed rail system technology , integrated the strongest , longest operating mileage , maximum speed operation , the largest building in the country , the world's leading high-speed rail development trend.
 
       5.2 ,  Chinese railway innovation success
In technological innovation , aimed at the world 's most advanced level , the original innovation, integrated innovation and the introduction of absorption and innovation combine, based on improving the capability of independent innovation , unified organization , forming a "fist" , insisted the entire rail technology innovation system a game of chess in the introduction and mastery of advanced technology, based on a unified platform for China to build a high-speed railway technology .
 
 
       5.3 , China has formed a complete set of high-speed rail technology system with independent intellectual property rights
Engineering and Technology of China high-speed railway construction , high-speed train technology , train control technology, passenger station building technology, system integration technology, operation and maintenance technology not only reached the world advanced level and formed a complete set of high-speed railway technology system with independent intellectual property rights .
      
       5.4 China Railway scientific and efficient management model
In the management of innovation, give full play to China's railway network integrity, the advantages of centralized and unified command transport , co-ordinate all aspects of scientific research and the use of human resources within and outside the railway , form a powerful force . In railway construction , whether it is project management department , or the design, construction and supervision units are coordinated action , the organization played a strong construction team ; in technology and equipment manufacturing , both operating units , or manufacturing enterprises, research institutes are uniform pace , a strong R & D manufacturing systems. This scientific and efficient management , greatly improving the efficiency and effectiveness of Chinese high-speed rail network construction .
 
6 , China Railway actively implement the cooperation with the United States and other countries Railway Project
      
       6.1,2011 two years to 2012 , China's " high-speed rail output " set sail
More than 100 heads of state , dignitaries and delegations visit China high-speed railway , the railway modernization of China spoke highly of the achievements , many countries and China signed a bilateral cooperation railway stalls . Chinese Ministry of Railways established the U.S., Canada , Russia , Pakistan , South Africa , Laos , Thailand , Cambodia , Burma, Iran , Turkey , Venezuela , in Giuseppe , Polish , India and China cooperation with Middle East countries and other foreign project coordination group , organization of Chinese enterprises to explore overseas project contracting and railway equipment export market, and achieved important results.
      
       6.2 , Chinese leaders also tried to sell China high-speed rail
In 2013 , the CPC Central Committee General Secretary and State President Xi Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang during his visit to the Southeast Asian countries are " Recommend " the advantages of China's high- speed railway construction and technical aspects , I hope China and Southeast Asian countries to strengthen cooperation in this area, " high-speed rail diplomacy" .
 
7 , China's railway system
       7.1 , stripping, incubation railway industry system
Separating the market, companies , professional operation , China has successfully developed a railway undertakings , Chinese Ministry of Railways successfully established a huge railway industry system , successively stripped from the Ministry of Railways , railway planning and design incubator enterprises , construction class business , equipment manufacturing enterprises , operations management enterprises , investment holding enterprises of certain companies .
      
       7.2 , Chinese Ministry of Railways completed its historic mission
March 14, 2013 , China's State Council issued a " State Council reform and functional transformation plan" , the original Chinese Ministry of Railways is divided into three . This is a landmark symbol of China's railway system .
 
 
III, Sino-US cooperation in the railway
 
A Sino-US cooperation has a long history of railway
A hundred years ago, the Chinese have for the first time to participate in railway construction in the United States .
But that is based on the Chinese labor participate ; One hundred years later , the Chinese people first times to the role of technology export participate in the U.S. high-speed railway construction . For China, This is a milestone leap.
 
2 , Rise of China Railway learn lessons of American Railway.
Approved by the Chinese Ministry of Railways , China Railway management delegation of nine people,
2003 January 17 to January 26 visit to the United States . According to the survey report : American Railway and China Railway in a different social and political systems.
The different stages of economic development and the market environment , the country , the road there is a greater love differences. But one hundred years of American railway in the process of economic development in the market by
Lessons calendar for positive efforts to achieve economic transition of China Railway
Still has a very important reference value .
 
3 , China South Locomotive & Rolling Stock ( CSR said China under ) and General Electric ( under
 co- American GE)
 
       3.1 , Chinese Ministry of Railways  introduce enterprise designated high-speed rail
China South Locomotive and China CNR ( 601299 ) as the Chinese Ministry of Railways designated high-speed rail introduction of enterprises in the digestion and absorption on the basis of rising Chinese high-speed rail speed rating , China South Locomotive CRH380A and China CNR CRH380B will gradually become the high-speed rail 300KM or more per hour the main model railway , currently represents the most advanced level of technology .
 
       3.2 , GE signed a memorandum with China Ministry of Railways
November 2009 , GE signed a memorandum with China Ministry of Railways , the two sides pledged to strengthen cooperation in the United States to participate in more than 350 km per hour high-speed rail projects.
 
       3.3 , GE and China South Locomotive Company signed a cooperation framework agreement
By the end of 2010 , GE signed a cooperation framework agreement with China South Locomotive to establish a joint venture in the United States work together to promote high-speed rail and other technology to promote the development of rail transportation in the U.S. market .
 
       3.4 , Chinese Ministry of Railways signed with the United States GE EMU high-speed rail technology transfer memorandum
January 19, 2011 , Chinese Ministry of Railways signed with the United States GE EMU high-speed rail technology transfer memorandum in Washington, DC , to support China South Locomotive and GE 50 %: 50% equity interest in the joint venture .
      
       3.5 , China South Locomotive knocking the door of the market in developed countries
China South Locomotive GE 's joint venture with the United States as well as greater " appetite" - became the first to Florida and California, two high-speed rail project to provide high- speed rail technology suppliers.
 
4 , China Railway Construction Corporation ( hereinafter referred to as China Railway Construction ) to participate in the California High Speed Rail Project
 
       4.1 China Railway Construction has entered the U.S. market registered company in California
In support of the Ministry of Railways of China , China Railway Construction has entered the U.S. market in advance , a company registered in California. United States actively participated in the construction of high-speed rail , and jointly promote the development of Sino-US cooperation in the field of high-speed rail .
      
       4.2 , House of Representative of Carlifornia delegation visited China to investigate Chinese high-speed rail
November 8, 2010 , the Californian delegation of the House of Representatives Deputy Speaker pro Tempore California visited China , a comprehensive study Chinese high-speed railway construction and China Railway Construction seeking their cooperation in the California high-speed rail construction.
      
       4.3 , Chinese Ministry of Railways and China Railway Construction visits California High Speed ​​Rail Project
January 15, 2011 , on behalf of Chinese Ministry of Railways and China Railway Construction Corporation of Investigation in Fresno , California (Fresno), bidding to collect data and information for the California High Speed ​​Rail project will be carried out .
 
5 , Sino-US cooperation in the railway and the " China-US Strategic and Economic Dialogue"
 
       5.1 Sino-US cooperation is one of the railway , " China-US Strategic and Economic Dialogue " in the bilateral cooperation project
Since the US-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue (US-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue) since the establishment of two mechanisms , Sino-US relations in the matter of the deep , strategic aspects of major issues of communication and exchange fruitful . China-US cooperation is one of the railway cooperation project " China-US Strategic and Economic Dialogue " in the .
 
       5.2 , U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood in a statement
May 9, 2011 , in the third round of China-US Strategic and Economic Dialogue opened the same day, U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood in a statement , the U.S. government will speed railway project investment $ 2.02 billion for the development of the next generation of high-speed passenger train and improve the situation of the busiest railway northeast Corridor .
 
       5.3 , Both sides agreed to implement existing commitments as soon as possible
10-11 July 2013 , the Special Representative of the Chairman Xi Jinping , Special Representative of the Chinese Vice Premier Wang Yang and President Barack Obama , U.S. Treasury Secretary Jacques Lu in Washington co-chaired the fifth round of Sino-US strategic and economic dialogue under the framework economic dialogue . The two sides agreed to implement existing commitments as soon as possible .
 
       5.3.1 promoting open trade and investment
Both sides stressed openly the importance of fair trade and investment relations between the two countries to recognize this and global economic growth and job creation is crucial. Both parties pledged to take the following measures to deepen bilateral trade and investment relations and create an open fair environment for greater opportunities for the both countries enterprises and the public.
 
       5.3.2 The United States welcomes investment from all countries , including China,
United States reiterated its open investment policy and the law in a fair and equitable way to treat promised investors. The United States promised to treat other countries with investors, including state-owned enterprises, including for Chinese investors to keep an open investment environment.
5.3.3    Sino-US cooperation in the railway sector
 
Appendix
Institutional arrangements :
China and the U.S. will continue to strengthen dialogue and mechanisms through a series of other economic cooperation , strengthen bilateral economic relations and promote global economic development . Bilateral cooperation include :
 
9 China-US cooperation in the railway sector  6,  United States hopes to learn from China in the field of advanced technology high-speed rail
U.S. Commerce Secretary Gary Locke has said before : "The U.S. government supports of America's high-speed rail project , United States lags behind. China , Japan and European countries in this area.  United States hopes to learn from China's high-speed rail in the field of advanced technology ."
 
 
 
IV East Coast high-speed rail
 
1, FIC companies already in preparation for the U.S. East Coast high-speed rail project
 
       1.1, FIC commercial and financial center has investment capabilities
FIC has been in the financial services industry since 1984. It has established a corporate image , such as energy, telecommunications, media production and marketing , sports administration / management, medical and other fields. Global financial services operate between the management team has a total of seventy years of experience, covering all major aspects of the financial services and business consulting industry.
 
       1.2, FIC commercial and financial center of political understanding of local conditions
FIC sensitive understanding of local political issues , understand the situation , so that Chinese investors can be more powerful , smarter , and better involved in the field of infrastructure investment which went to the United States .
 
2, CRIG company is committed to China Railway "going out"
       2.1, CRIG of "going out " mission
China Railway Investment Group Co., Ltd. ( CRIG) and its affiliates comply with Chinese railway sector reform and the implementation of the objective requirements related to the project and set up . Its mission is to implement the Chinese railway-related projects to provide more services to passengers and shippers, as well as the implementation of China Railway "going out" strategy.
 
       2.2, CRIG have the ability to innovate US cooperation model railway
Provide integrated " planning and design , construction , equipment supply, post-maintenance , operation and management " solution for the U.S. East Coast high-speed rail .
 
3, FIC and CRIG jointly establish a " China-US cooperation in the railway area"
 
3.1  , The Chinese government plans to build 50 Sino-foreign economic and trade cooperation zones overseas Chinese government to give economic and trade cooperation zones into areas outside the Chinese enterprises to invest start-up costs grants long-term loans and a series of preferential policies and special policies . FIC and CRIG the eastern United States will strive to build high-speed rail project into a model of Sino-US cooperation , Sino-US cooperation in the railway area .
 
       3.2 , China 's export of capital
China has a surplus of funds to purchase a large number of U.S. bonds. As of the end of September 2013 , China 's foreign exchange reserves $ 3.66 trillion . As of the end of July 2013 , China held U.S. $ 1.2773 trillion in U.S. Treasury bonds , corporate bonds $ 220 billion , accounting for 70 % of the total foreign exchange reserves. SAR holds $ 120 billion of such bonds . Fed's quantitative easing , so that the number of U.S. assets held by the devaluation of the Chinese .
 
       3.3 , Chinese investment in infrastructure for the United States
China can now explore the holdings of U.S. debt into investment in the infrastructure of the United States , do not worry about these physical assets will depreciate in value , China's capital in US dollars can stay in the United States , will not be transferred out .
 
       3.4 , Chinese investment in U.S. high-speed rail
Now feasible way , the reality is that most high-speed rail in the United States can copy Chinese technology.
 
       3.5 , sHigh-speed rail strung Pearl U.S. East Coast cities
East Coast high-speed rail construction will be the first high-speed railway construction from New York to Washington. More people will choose to ride the high-speed rail will skip the drive and flights. With this connection New York and Washington will form a same city. One can live in New Yorkand work in DC, or the other way around. With an expanded project,we can repair from New York to North Bangor. In south from Washington to Jacksonville, and then continue south from Jacksonville to Miami  west to Houston. All these tracks are repairable.
 
       3.6 , Win-win China-US high-speed rail construction
You can choose the form of cooperation established railway companies , a variety of ways of financing .
If you take advantage of China's capital, technology, equipment, management, cooperation in infrastructure construction, development of U.S. high-speed rail , for the expansion of U.S. jobs will play a big role in the Sino-US win.
 
 
 
4, FIC
CRIG co- founded the U.S. East Coast High Speed ​​Rail Corporation
 
       4.1, FIC solicitation CRIG co- founded America East High Speed ​​Rail Corporation
December 4, 2013 , the U.S. commercial and financial center FIC (FIC) The Board further approved and China Railway (CRIG) cooperation by the Investment Group Co., Ltd. high -speed rail project .
 
       4.2, CRIG invited to become a shareholder of the eastern United States High Speed ​​Rail Corporation
December 10, 2013 , CRIG Reply FIC: "CRIG agreed to jointly establish a Delaware corporation , the implementation of the U.S. East Coast high-speed rail project , CRIG became the general contractor for the project ."
 
       4.3, FIC, CRIG and other companies have started to cooperate registered in the United States .
       4.4, FIC, CRIG , have been in the United States to prepare Chinese high-speed rail development
       4.5, FIC, CRIG , have been in the eastern United States to attend the high-speed rail hearing.
       4.6, FIC has been in preparation for financing ;
       4.7, FIC has to apply for project approval ;
       4.8, CRIG has prepared an integrated solution
" Planning and design , construction , equipment supply, ongoing maintenance , operations management ," Sarkozy walks of life to participate in the division of labor , to build a " China-US cooperation in the railway area ."
 
5 , Division of responsibilities to shareholders the U.S. East Coast High Speed ​​Rail Corporation 's
 
       5.1, FIC duties
As investor in the project and is responsible for the U.S. East Coast high-speed rail projects approved by the Government , financial investment and so on.
 
       5.2, CRIG duties
As a general contractor for the project  whose responsiblility for the project planning and design , construction , equipment supply, post-maintenance and operations management.
 
6 , U.S. East Coast high-speed rail project industrial development
       6.1 , Development of rail passenger and cargo transportation business ;
       6.2 , Development of rail passenger and freight transport auxiliary industries ;
       6.3 , Development of the railway station premises and the surrounding area property .
 
7 , U.S. East Coast high-speed rail project professional subsidiaries
       7.1 East Coast Railway ( Washington to Bangor ) Co., Ltd.
       7.2 East Coast Railway ( Washington to Jacksonville ) Co., Ltd.
       7.3 East Coast Railway ( Jacksonville to Miami ) Co., Ltd.
       7.4 East Coast Railway ( Jacksonville to Houston ) Co., Ltd.
       7.5 East Coast Railway Real Estate Co., Ltd.
       7.6 U.S. East Railway Trade Co., Ltd.
       7.7 U.S. East Coast Railway Culture Co., Ltd.
       7.8 East Coast Railway Catering Corporation
       7.9 East Coast Railway Security Corporation
       7.10 U.S. East Coast Railway Property Management Co., Ltd.
       7.11  U.S. East Coast Railway E-Commerce Co., Ltd.
7.12    U.S. East Coast Railway Tourism Corporation
 
8 , plans to invite U.S. East Coast Railway cooperation zone from the following list of participating units
       8.1 , Planning and Design Class Units
       8.1.1 , China Academy of Railway Sciences
       8.1.2 Railway First Survey and Design Institute
       8.1.3 Second Railway Survey and Design Institute
       8.1.4 Third Railway Survey and Design Institute
       8.1.5 , Railway Fourth Survey and Design Institute
       8.1.6 , China Railway Construction Association
 
8.2 , construction type of unit
       8.2.1 , China Railway Group Limited
       ( 1 ) China Railway First Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 2 ) China Railway Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
      ( 3 ) Railway Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
      ( 4 ) China Railway Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 5 ) five iron Group Ltd.
       ( 6 ) six Railway Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 7 ) seven innings Railway Group Ltd.
       ( 8 ) eight innings Railway Group Ltd.
       ( 9 ) nine innings Railway Group Ltd.
       ( 10 ) China Railway Tenth Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 11 ) China Railway Bridge Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 12 ) China Railway Tunnel Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 13 ) China Railway Construction Engineering Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 14 ) Railway Electrification Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 15 ) Railway Real Estate Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 16 ) China Overseas Engineering LLC
 
8.2.2 , China Railway Construction Corporation Limited
       ( 1 ) China Railway 11th Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 2 ) China Railway 12th Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 3 ) China Railway 13th Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 4 ) China Railway 14th Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 5 ) China Railway 15th Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 6 ) China Railway 16th Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 7 ) China Railway 17th Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 8 ) China Railway 18th Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 9 ) China Railway 19th Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 10 ) China Railway 20th Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 11 ) China Railway 21 Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 12 ) China Railway 12th Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 13) Railway 23rd Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 14 ) China Railway 24th Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
       ( 15 ) China Railway 25th Bureau Group Co., Ltd.
 
8.3 Equipment Manufacturing Company
       8.3.1 , China North Vehicle Group Co., Ltd.
       8.3.2 , China South Locomotive Group Ltd.
8.4  Operations Management Unit
 
China Railway Corporation
       8.5 , the financing of investment units
       8.5.1 , China Railway Construction Investment Company
       8.5.2 , China Investment Co., Ltd.
       8.5.3 China's State Development Bank
       8.5.4 China's major commercial banks
       8.5.5 , China-related private investment company
FIC commercial and financial center
China Railway Investment Group Co., Ltd.
December 26, 2013